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                                               杰夫.荷頓（英）：吊裝設(shè)備工程師協(xié)會(huì)（LEEA）CEO

Geoff Holden, chief executive, Lifting Equipment Engineers Association (LEEA)

正如我們?cè)谏弦黄凇端骶呤澜纭分袕?qiáng)調(diào)的，大多數(shù)與起重吊裝作業(yè)相關(guān)的安全事故追究到最后都存在著人員操作的失誤，而通常犯這些關(guān)鍵錯(cuò)誤的操作工人實(shí)際上都沒(méi)有接受相關(guān)的培訓(xùn)或掌握這方面作業(yè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。因?yàn)槭玛P(guān)重大，所以你很難理解為什么有的雇主會(huì)把吊裝作業(yè)任務(wù)委派給沒(méi)有必要操作技能的人員來(lái)完成。其中一種解釋也許可以說(shuō)得通，因?yàn)楦呖掌鹬氐跹b作業(yè)自古即有之且太普遍了，所以容易操作也是理所當(dāng)然的。而且，作業(yè)要用到的設(shè)備大部分我們都很熟悉，看上去似乎也很容易操作。因此，和其他行業(yè)的作業(yè)任務(wù)相比，人們對(duì)這其中的一些安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯認(rèn)識(shí)不足。使這一問(wèn)題變得更加糟糕的是，有些雇主明明知道這需要雇傭具備專業(yè)能力的工作人員來(lái)完成，但在組織人員培訓(xùn)方面的貫徹力度有時(shí)卻是比較差的。

As highlighted in the LEEA article in the last issue of LRW magazine, most lifting accidents can be traced back to human error. Often these mistakes are made by workers with virtually no relevant training or experience. Given that the consequences can be so serious, it is hard to understand why employers would entrust lifting operations to staff so obviously lacking in the necessary skills. One explanation is that, because overhead lifting is such a long-established and commonplace activity, it is too easy to take for granted. Most of the equipment involved is very familiar and appears easy to operate. Furthermore, compared to some other industrial activities, there is often a lack of appreciation of the potential risks involved. To compound these problems, even employers that do understand the need to use competent staff can sometimes struggle to implement genuinely effective training programmes.

研究高空起重吊裝作業(yè)涉及的培訓(xùn)工作具體有哪些要求時(shí)，我們首先要清楚此作業(yè)任務(wù)明顯包含了四個(gè)職能部分：計(jì)劃、監(jiān)管、操作和吊裝設(shè)備的測(cè)試和全面檢驗(yàn)。盡管很多情況下同一個(gè)人可能會(huì)身兼若干個(gè)工作角色，但是我們?nèi)砸�明白的是，不同的工作職能有著不同的系統(tǒng)要求，這必須在一開(kāi)始確定工作人選時(shí)就明確，并且組織培訓(xùn)的工作也要堅(jiān)決執(zhí)行。

When considering the training requirements for overhead lifting, the starting point should be a clear recognition that four distinct job functions are involved: planning; supervision; operation; and the test and thorough examination of lifting equipment. Although in many cases the same person will take on more than one of these roles, it is vital to understand that each has a different set of requirements. This must be reflected in the initial selection of suitable candidates, and the content of the training programmes they undertake.

舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，如果接受培訓(xùn)的人員負(fù)責(zé)的具體工作是制定起重吊裝作業(yè)的計(jì)劃，那么組織培訓(xùn)工作所要達(dá)到的目的是讓被培訓(xùn)者掌握好識(shí)別風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、評(píng)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力。監(jiān)管人員必須依照風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的大小履行好作業(yè)監(jiān)督的職責(zé)。但是，即使在安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很低的日常性作業(yè)中，監(jiān)管人員也需要確保操作者的專業(yè)技能水平狀況是受控的，需要時(shí)應(yīng)通過(guò)再培訓(xùn)以提高其技能水平并勝任工作要求。吊裝設(shè)備的操作者需要經(jīng)過(guò)正確使用設(shè)備和辨別設(shè)備標(biāo)識(shí)方面的培訓(xùn)，其接受的培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容還應(yīng)包括設(shè)備每天檢查的工作程序和起吊作業(yè)前的檢查，如負(fù)荷與角度的預(yù)判、問(wèn)題的反饋報(bào)告以及負(fù)荷物結(jié)索的正確方法。吊裝設(shè)備的正確存放方式也是培訓(xùn)工作要解決的問(wèn)題，遇有疑問(wèn)時(shí)向?qū)�業(yè)人員咨詢是很重要的。

For example, training for staff responsible for planning lifting operations will need to address issues such as the identification of hazards, assessment of associated risks, and methods of controlling them. Supervisors must exercise a level of supervision appropriate to the risk. However, even for low risk, routine operations, they need to ensure that the competence of operators is monitored and requirements for any additional or refresher training are identified. Lifting equipment operators will obviously need to be trained in the correct use of equipment and in identifying and understanding equipment markings. Their training should also cover daily equipment check procedures, pre-lift checks such as load and angle estimation, reporting defects, and the correct methods of attaching loads. Appropriate storage of lifting equipment should also be addressed, along with the importance of seeking advice in case of doubt.

吊裝設(shè)備的測(cè)試和全面檢驗(yàn)是一項(xiàng)高要求的工作任務(wù)，這不同于操作者和監(jiān)管者日常所進(jìn)行的例行檢查。這既要求掌握一定的設(shè)備相關(guān)的理論知識(shí)，又要求具備理論結(jié)合實(shí)際操作的能力。近幾十年以來(lái)，LEEA組織建立的專業(yè)資格培訓(xùn)與考核管理體系受到了全世界眾多吊裝設(shè)備檢驗(yàn)工程師的認(rèn)可，被認(rèn)為是這一行業(yè)的權(quán)威執(zhí)業(yè)資格認(rèn)證系統(tǒng)。為幫助我們的工程師通過(guò)資格考核，LEEA提供了一整套完善的遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)務(wù)操作培訓(xùn)課程。作為真正意義上的國(guó)際通用資質(zhì)證明，每年都有數(shù)百名吊裝行業(yè)的工程師在世界各地的考試中心參加我們的資格考核計(jì)劃。

The test and thorough examination of lifting equipment is a demanding task, distinct from the routine checks that should be performed regularly by operators and/or supervisors. It requires a combination of theoretical knowledge of the equipment involved, and the ability to put that knowledge into practice. For several decades, the LEEA’s Diploma has been recognised around the world as the leading qualification for engineers undertaking test and thorough examination of lifting equipment. And to prepare engineers for the Diploma examination, the LEEA offers a range of distance learning and practical training courses. A truly international qualification, the Diploma examination is taken by hundreds of engineers every year, at exam centres worldwide.

對(duì)于工作涉及高空起重吊裝作業(yè)計(jì)劃、監(jiān)管和執(zhí)行的人員來(lái)說(shuō)，雖然一般能夠向其提供商業(yè)性培訓(xùn)服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)有很多，但是這些服務(wù)課程的質(zhì)量卻參差不齊。評(píng)估其對(duì)于雇員技能提高的作用時(shí)，有兩個(gè)問(wèn)題是比較關(guān)鍵的。第一個(gè)是培訓(xùn)講師的水平，其能力與經(jīng)驗(yàn)必須結(jié)合好的激勵(lì)和溝通技巧。第二個(gè)則是需要有有效的評(píng)價(jià)手段，包括筆試測(cè)驗(yàn)和實(shí)際操作測(cè)試。只有以上兩種考核評(píng)價(jià)要求都達(dá)到時(shí)，接受培訓(xùn)的人員才能獲得吊裝作業(yè)計(jì)劃、執(zhí)行和/或監(jiān)管方面具體工作的權(quán)限授權(quán)。

For those involved in planning, supervising and performing overhead lifting operations, there is generally no shortage of commercial training provision. However, the effectiveness of these courses can vary widely. When assessing their ability to make a real impact on employee skills, two particular issues are critical. The first is the quality of the instructor. Competence and experience must be combined with good motivational and communication skills. The second is the need for effective appraisal, which may include both written and practical tests. Only when both have been successfully completed should trainees be given specific authorisation to plan, perform and/or supervise lifting operations.

認(rèn)識(shí)到需要幫助雇主明確哪些是針對(duì)吊裝設(shè)備終端用戶的高質(zhì)量培訓(xùn)服務(wù)，LEEA于2009年推出了一項(xiàng)認(rèn)證培訓(xùn)公司計(jì)劃。在此項(xiàng)目下，符合LEEA第三方認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系要求的會(huì)員公司可以在許可范圍內(nèi)提供涉及如吊裝結(jié)索和吊裝設(shè)備檢驗(yàn)這些科目的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)課程服務(wù)。課程專業(yè)性的認(rèn)證過(guò)程由LEEA的技術(shù)官員團(tuán)隊(duì)小組來(lái)實(shí)施，過(guò)程中的審核對(duì)很多方面包括培訓(xùn)師的資歷和經(jīng)驗(yàn)、培訓(xùn)設(shè)施的硬件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和被培訓(xùn)者的培訓(xùn)評(píng)估體系質(zhì)量等的要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都非常高。

Recognising the need to help employers identify good quality training for end users of lifting equipment, the LEEA launched an Accredited Training Company scheme in 2009. Under this programme, member companies that meet the LEEA’s independently verified set of standards can offer an approved range of professionally designed courses covering subjects such as lifting and slinging and lifting equipment inspection. The accreditation process is undertaken by the LEEA’s own team of technical officers, and sets demanding criteria in areas including the qualifications and experience of trainers, the standard of training facilities, and the quality of trainee assessment.

和很多不同的工程學(xué)科一樣，起重吊裝行業(yè)近年來(lái)也面臨著兼有技能與經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專業(yè)人員數(shù)量嚴(yán)重短缺的問(wèn)題。但是，這雖然是一種挑戰(zhàn)，但不能成為雇主向沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)充分培訓(xùn)的員工委派起重吊裝作業(yè)的托詞。同樣，任何培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)容都不能只限于簡(jiǎn)單地在應(yīng)試題目上勾勾選選，必須對(duì)被培訓(xùn)者實(shí)踐操作技能的提高起到實(shí)質(zhì)的促進(jìn)作用。我們必須承認(rèn)，起重吊裝作業(yè)相關(guān)的每一個(gè)方面所涉及到的工作都有著很高的專業(yè)性，必須由真正有專業(yè)能力的人來(lái)完成。我們以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蛘f(shuō)明，更為安全的工作環(huán)境不僅僅是要求嚴(yán)格按照管理規(guī)定行事，更重要的是在提倡一種文化氛圍，一種能夠使員工獲得充分的自主權(quán)利并且毫無(wú)顧慮地向其直屬上級(jí)管理人員反映工作問(wèn)題的氛圍。在此工作氛圍之中，保障安全成為了全體員工共同的工作目標(biāo)，而不是單純自上而下強(qiáng)制要求執(zhí)行的一套工作流程。這不僅僅是為了達(dá)到很高的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，更是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的工業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)效率與效益，只憑運(yùn)氣的投機(jī)心態(tài)是不可取的。

In common with a number of engineering disciplines, over recent years the lifting industry has faced significant shortages of skilled and experienced staff. However, whilst this no doubt poses challenges, it is not an excuse for employers to entrust lifting operations to inadequately trained personnel. Equally, any training programmes that are undertaken should be more than box-ticking exercises. They must have the rigour necessary to make a real impact. Every aspect of overhead lifting needs to be acknowledged as a specialist task, undertaken only by genuinely competent staff. Ultimately, though, this is only part of the story. Experience suggests that the safest working environments not only respect these rules, they also promote a wider culture in which staff are empowered, and feel free to report problems and raise concerns with their managers, without fear of repercussions. In these workplaces, safety becomes a common objective, shared by the whole team, rather than a set of procedures imposed from the top down. As well as securing high safety standards, it is probably no coincidence that this type of approach typically delivers impressive levels of productivity and efficiency as well.